Criminal Law Evidence Example

Criminal Law Evidence Example Please read carefully the scenario below and then complete the work for this assessment. A burglary has occurred around 21:00 hours yesterday at an office complex on an industrial estate. It has open entry round to the rear of the building. A metal top opening window was forced open and the intruder(s) gained entry, once inside, the building alarm system was activated. The offender made a tidy search of the office desks and drawers and it is suspected that 2 laptops and one PDA were stolen. The exit from the property was as entry. An eye witness states they saw a red coloured car leave the industrial estate at high speed, the make and model is unknown. Approximately 4 miles away from the scene on a park that borders the edge of a large housing estate was a stolen abandoned vehicle, its engine still running. The vehicle is a red ford focus reported stolen 1 hour previously from a private drive outside the home of Mr Andrews. The vehicle has been taken to a recovery garage pending a scenes of crime visit. CCTV on the park installed for anti-social behaviour has been viewed by Police Community Support Officers and they believe the individual running from the car is Michael Steven Kelter born 23/02/1987. Michael has previous convictions for burglary and anti-social behaviour related offences. He is also a known drug user. Uniformed Police Officers have arrested Michael Kelter on suspicion of burglary at the industrial estate and also for the taking of a vehicle without the owners consent. He is now detained at a dedicated custody suite pending interview with detectives. Attending police officers have found a screwdriver in shrubs outside the office complex, the screwdriver has been recovered and booked into the property store at the local police station. Officers also arranged for boarding up to secure the premises. It has also been reported that a male in his early 20s 3 days previously stated that he represented the alarm company and needed to have a look at the system. He presented no identification at the receptionist and was subsequently turned aw ay. CCTV footage has since been overwritten as it is on a 24hr loop. It is not known whether this is connected to the burglary. Assessment: Please devise an illustrative presentation of the potential evidence types available at each scene and identify the links between each scene. You will need to cite references to support your answer. Literature Supporting the Potential of Forensic Evidence. NAPIER, T.J., 2002. Scene linking using footwear mark databases. Science and Justice Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 42(1), pp. 39-43. Brief description of reference. BIERMANN, T.W., 2007. Blocks of colour IV: The evidential value of blue and red cotton fibres. Science Justice, 47(2), pp. 68-87. Brief description of reference. LOWRIE, C.N. and JACKSON, G., 1994. Secondary transfer of fibres. Forensic Science International, 64(2-3), pp. 73-82. Brief description of reference. Locard’s Principle According to Locard 1910 ‘Wherever he steps, whatever he touches, whatever he leaves, even unconsciously, will serve as a silent witness against him. Not only his fingerprints or his footprints, but his hair, the fibers from his clothes, the glass he breaks, the tool mark he leaves, the paint he scratches, the blood or semen he deposits or collects. All of these and more, bear mute witness against him. This is evidence that does not forget. It is not confused by the excitement of the moment. It is not absent because human witnesses are. It is factual evidence. Physical evidence cannot be wrong, it cannot perjure itself, it cannot be wholly absent. Only human failure to find it, study and understand it, can diminish its value.’ (Joe Nickell and John E. Fischer, Crime Science: Methods of Forensic Detection. Lexington: University Press of Kentucky, 1999. 10). Fingerprints often feature significantly at the scene of the burglary, within the stolen vehicle and on any property recovered from the burglary including the screwdriver that was discovered at the point where the stolen vehicle was recovered from. (FSS 2000, Supporting ‘Pathfinder’, Information on FSS and Police Fingerprint Process, Forensic Science Service). One of the leading figures in the development of fingerprint analysis was Sir Francis Galton who developed the tripartite classification scheme which sorts fingerprints into three groups and was used primarily to establish the heredity and character of the individual (Simon A. Cole Suspect Identities: A History of Fingerprinting and Criminal Identification (Harvard University Press, 2001), pp. 60-96.) Garton himself published a book entitled Fingerprints in 1892 in which he studied the frequency in which the patterns appeared in relation to the race of the supplier of the print. Unfortunately his results did not me et his expectations that there would be a significant pattern for a significant race. The use of the fingerprint database for the storing of fingerprints taken from convicted offenders is invaluable in identifying perpetrators of future crimes (Anthonioz, A., A. Aguzzi, A. Girod, N. Egli, and O. Ribaux, Potential Use of Fingerprint in Forensic Intelligence: Crime Scene Linking. Z Zagadnien Nauk Sadowych – Problems of Forensic Sciences, 2003. 51: 166-170.) Footwear marks are often a useful source of identification. It is possible to identify the wearer of the shoe from the footmarks by the way in which the patterning has worn. Although retailers sell many of the same item of footwear the wear marks on the shoes differs between users and therefore it can be very easy to get an exact match from the recovery of the suspects footwear to the recovered print. Some experts have stated that shoemarks and geographical information can assist in linking a suspect to a particular crime (Napier, T.J., 2002. Scene linking using footwear mark databases. Science and Justice Journal of the Forensic Science Society, 42(1), pp. 39-43). According to Jim Fraser who is the director of the centre for forensic science as the University of Strathclyde footwear marks were found at about 40% of crime scenes. He commented that most are not clean boot marks and usually need enhancing with UV light and that such prints can even be recovered from a carpet or a dead body (James Randerson, Footprint database to help fight crime, The Guardian, Tuesday January 30 2007). Items such a glass can be transferred to a suspect either through primary transfer or secondary transfer. Primary transfer usually occurs when the suspect is breaking a window which causes backward fragmentation (J. Locke and J.A. Unikowski, Breaking of flat glass—part 1: Size and distribution of particles from plain glass windows. Forensic Sci. Int. 51 (1991), pp. 251–262). Secondary transfer is where the glass transfers form one person to another or form one object to another person (Lowrie, C.N. and Jackson, G., 1994. Secondary transfer of fibres. Forensic Science International, 64(2-3), pp. 73-82. ) Research has shown that approximately 10% of glass fragments can be transferred from the person who broke the glass to another person (G.A. Holcroft, B. Shearer, Personnel communication). Others discovered that the transfer of glass between two people in a car only resulted in one such transfer in the 15 experiments that were conducted (.J. Allen, K. Hoefler and S.J. Rose, The transfer of glass—part 3: The transfer of glass from a contaminated person to another uncontaminated person during a ride in a car. Forensic Sci. Int. 93 (1998), pp. 195–200.) Certain types of clothing are more likely to allow such a transfer than others. clothes made from 100% nylon such as shell suits have a low retention level whereas jumper made of acrylic would have a medium retention level (T.J. Allen, K. Hoefler and S.J. Rose, The transfer of glass—part 2: A study of the transfer of glass to a person during various activities. Forensic Sci. Int. 93 (1998), pp. 175–193). Raman developed the notion of spectroscopy which focussed on the transfer of fibres that had been chemically dyed. The most common colours used in the manufacture of clothing are black, blue and red and therefore it can be difficult for the forensic scientist to differentiate the evidential sample from the suspect source (R. Palmer and S. Oliver, Sci. Justice, 2004, 44(2), 83–88.) In recent times the use of CCTV footage has been increased significantly with local authorities making use of the technology in the city centres to monitor the behaviour of people. This has proven particularly useful with regard to the monitoring of the behaviour of people when they have been drinking. CCTV footage can be of limited usage in that the images are not always sufficiently clear. There has also been much criticism of the fact that cameras are often pointing the wrong way or do not cover the locality of the offence. Images from CCTV can be enhanced to aid identification and often a suspect will enter a guilty plea having been shown the footage, especially if they are clearly identified by the cameras. As can be seen from the above there are many items that can be gleaned from the actual scene of the offence as well as from other areas that the suspect might have been present at. The notion of secondary transfer could weaken a case against a suspect, however the prevalence of secondary transfer is very low and therefore offers little in the way of protection for the suspect.

Possible Risks Which Affect Computer System Essay

Abstract The short report reveals about the possible risks that affecting the computer system in terms of data loss and malfunctioning of programs. By taking simple precautionary measures the unexpected hazards can be completely eliminated. The most significant preventive measure is timely backing up the data. The other involves physical safety and installation of anti-virus programs. One factor to be kept in mind is that without proper physical safety no data is safe, as the hardware parts including motherboard, processor, and storage system constitute a computer brain. Once the brain gets damaged the whole system is collapsed. Introduction Normally people never think of taking precautionary measures until they experience individual loss or feel the bitterness of unexpected disasters. This may also happen in most of the cases regarding back up processes against possible risks involved in information loss. There is no use of running after the data, which has already been a lost or taking bleak effort to regain it. But one has to be vigilant regarding the backup process by learning from the drastic experiences of others. If one realize about the importance of information stored in the system and feel the perspiration to create and process the data associated with it, he will never let it go by silly causes. Firstly he would concern about the protection of information by all possible ways. This short report reveals about the possible risks involved in data loss and the ways to eliminating those risks. Possible Risks to the Data There are several risks, which cause the data in the computer to vanish or to corrupt. Therefore different backup processes are to be adopted to protect data from different risks. Only a few numbers of backup processes are capable to handle all the risks and protect data loss. Here is a short description about the commonly seen risks to PCs. Hardware Failure It is termed as the most significant risk that may affect the data storage system. If a person is well aware of hard disk failure he never forget to backup the data timely. Disk crash may lead the system with irrecoverable loss of data and valuable programs. The other hardware failures include memory errors; system-timing problems, resource conflicts and power loss can also corrupt the data or damage the important programs. Ensuring proper dust free and moisture free atmosphere, timely scanning of disk, supply of uninterrupted power will minimize the above risks. Software Failure There is also a possibility of data loss due to software errors. It may be the result of improper or ineffective software design. Due to lack of proper logic and effective coding the program on execution may get hanged and because of that the data may get corrupted. â€Å"Some software bugs may be even more damaging, even causing the loss of files unrelated to them. † (SF). But rarely it happens. This risks can be eliminated by using of the trustful and reliable software. File System Corruption This problem generally comes due to the improper maintenance of system disks. If the disk is not scanned regularly there is a risk of transforming file structure used to contain information files and programs. It may cause damage of data and ultimately loss. Accidental Deletion It happens by simple mistakes of human as, rarely, important files may accidentally be deleted from the hard disk. By taking certain protection techniques and undeletion utilities the lost files can be recovered later. Proper backup of data in time and usage of proper undeletion utilities will negate the data loss from accidental deletion. Virus Infection Viruses are uninvited malicious programs that cause irrecoverable damages to the system files and important programs. The data loss can happen either due to direct Virus attacks or it can happen as a result to the efforts for removing viruses from computer system. By installing trustful anti-virus programs this problem can be eliminated. Other Risks Data loss due to physical activities of human such as Theft and Sabotage by dissatisfied employees is also a matter of concern. Same consequences are expected from the natural disasters such as Fire incidents, flood, earthquake, mud slide, hurricane, lightning strike, etc. at is on. Once the system is damaged physical no recovery can be expected from that. Therefore the only solution from the risk is to ensure physical safety of the system. So protect the systems from the possible physical hazards keep it physically as well as functionally safe. Work cited SFSource : Software Failures ; http://www. pcguide. com/care/bu/risks. htm

Imagine you are Arthur miller Essay

This may be because they lack the language to express themselves fully or because they do not want to put their ideas into words. Eddie and Beatrice’s relationship is deteriorating because Eddie is jealous of Rodolfo. Beatrice is aware of a deeper, more disturbing reason for Eddie’s protectiveness for Catherine. It soon becomes clear that she is unhappy about Eddie’s attitude to his niece and she is able to persuade him to allow Catherine to start work when she gets offered one. Beatrice repeats the words â€Å"What do you want from me? † over again. â€Å"When am I going to be a wife again, Eddie? † She wants to know if he still loves her because they haven’t talked or had any physical or sexual relationships which means that part of their relationship with each other has broken down, and despite challenging Eddie over this, Beatrice is unable to make him face why this might be, let alone make him admit his weakness to himself, as a result of this she remains powerless to help him. Beatrice realized she had to tell Eddie that he wants â€Å"somethin’ else, Eddie, and you can never have her! † This key dialogue within the play not only causes Catherine and Eddie’s relationship to deteriorate, but because Eddie will not allow her to try to achieve adult hood; he is possessive and controlling. It is this urge to protect Catherine, to keep her from discovering her independence, that makes him particularly sensitive to the presence of Marco and especially Rodolfo, to whom Catherine becomes attracted. Catherine sometimes sits on the edge of the bath, in her underwear, talking to Eddie while he shaves. This shows how close they once were but also hints at the inappropriate crossing of boundaries, that leads to the eventual break up in their relationship. But, Catherine finding work, her growing attraction towards Rodolfo, which leads to their planned marriage, brings out an increasingly aggressive reaction in Eddie that starts to break the family apart. Eddie is suspicious of Rodolfo’s interest in Catherine, believing that he seeks to marry her in order to gain the American Citizenship. It becomes clear to Catherine that Rodolfo’s intentions towards her are motivated by his love for her. Eddie’s dislike not to be Catherine’s affections, as well as his desire for her, which forces him to talk with Alfieri for advice and which, even after Alfieri has told him to let events follow their natural course. This pushes Eddie to betray Eddie and Rodolfo. At the end, Catherine says â€Å"Rat in the sewer† and is always shouting which shows how much their relationship has disappeared. She becomes more rebellious and independent and Beatrice becomes increasingly frustrated as she realizes how the events will go. Eddie’s aggression towards Rodolfo is shown in the boxing scenes. Eddie’s main problems with Rodolfo are that he cooks; he sings; he’s blonde; he sews; he dances and seems to be extremely feminine overall. To Eddie all the talents that Rodolfo is showing, points to only one thing in his eyes: he’s gay. Most of the time Eddie doesn’t know all the facts and jumps to conclusions, he refuses to see sense â€Å"his eyes were like tunnels†. Eddie cannot be persuaded otherwise, he is self centred and doesn’t care whose feelings he hurts as long as he proves his point. Eddie and Rodolfo are completely different. Physically Eddie has brown hair, quite well built, straightforward and simple where as Rodolfo has blonde hair, lighthearted, good looking and light on his feet; their language, even though English is Rodolfo’s second language, he is able to express himself more passionately and imaginatively then Eddie. Rodolfo and Eddie’s attitudes differ because of the generation gap and Eddie has more experience about things, he’s older and ‘wiser’. Rodolfo asks a lot of questions about things and wants to get a job, buy a motorcycle, and have dreams and fantasies of his future life. Marco and his structure, in comparison to Eddie, is similar in the fact that they both show signs of bulk and muscle and both enjoy to work hard for their family. That is why they got along in the beginning. Their interaction with each other clearly shows that Eddie preferred talking to Marco rather than Rodolfo. At the end of act 1, Marco gives Eddie a physical threat with â€Å"the chair raised like a weapon over Eddie’s head†. Marco shows Eddie ‘how to’ lift the chair and Eddie tries but fails again and again. Marco tried to scare Eddie but he has to get the message first. Marco lifts the chair over his head and gives Eddie a glare of warning and triumph. Eddie’s grin disappears as he finally gets the message. At the end of act 5 shows just how far Eddie was determined to go to try and get his name back from Marco. Eddie gets killed by Marco because he turned both Marco and Rodolfo into the Immigration Bureau. This act of betrayal on members of his own extended family allows the tragedy, which Alfieri foresaw at the beginning and he knew he wouldn’t be able to prevent these things happening. Though despite Alfieri’s best efforts, Marco is set upon getting revenge for his betrayal, while Eddie is determined to maintain his reputation and honour. Eddie felt that the only way he could get his respect from the people back was to try and kill Marco. They finally come face to face in view of the neighbourhood and the unpreventable tragedy happens. Marco was stronger and it was Eddie’s own knife and arrogance that killed him. This scene is where Catherine and Beatrice admit that they really do care for Eddie. Thank you for writing to me Albert, I hope my advice aids your performance in the play. Yours sincerely, Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Arthur Miller section.

Essay Making Management Decisions - 2219 Words

Making Management Decisions ASSIGNMENT 1 Lewandowska Santhirasekaran 1. Principles of business planning and decision making Decision Making is â€Å"A commitment to action† (Mintzberg, H., 1983, p. 188) ; Management decisions are made for a lot of different reasons, mainly because decision making is a fundamental aspect of the management functions and management decision-making which makes it a key management role. (M. Teale, V.Dispenza, J. Flynn, D.Currie, 2003, p. 10) (D. Boddy, 2008, p. 209) Now a day’s making management decisions has become more and more difficult, they need to be made more and more quickly; have to be made in increasingly complex and unpredictable situations.†¦show more content†¦(www.balancedscorecard.org, Paul Arveson, 1998-2013) According to the situation the LiveShows Ltd is at now, all of the decisions will be ‘programmed’, it can be assumed that once programmed decision has been made, then the consequences will be known. These decisions are normally characterised by a known set of objectives, and can lend themselves to programmed decision-making methods. Management science offers tools and methodologies that enable the organisations to deal with managerial problems. It deals with collection, interpretation and presentation of data; however it is important to remember and understand the limitations, assumptions and specific applicability of the methods in question. (M. Teale, V.Dispenza, J. Flynn, D.Currie, 2003, pp. 228, 229) The decisions are based on business objectives and context; decision making types can also divide into three, depending on how much the decision made will affect the business in terms of time and direction; these include: †¢ Strategic Decisions – long – term decisions that affect the direction of the business †¢ Tactical Decisions – medium – term decisions based around how to implement a strategy †¢ Operational Decisions – short – term decisions, also known as administrative decisions about how to implement the tactics. (T. Hannagan, 2008, p. 425) 2. 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